1. argue ['ɑːgjuː] 
vt. 争论，坚决主张
Don’t argue with me. 不要和我争辩。
argument n. 论证，证据

2. debate [dɪ'beɪt] 
n. 讨论，辩论；
v. 辩论，思考，仔细考虑
There has been a lot of debate among scholars about this. 在学者中有很多关于此问题的辩论。
world university debating championship 世界大学生辩论赛

3.dispute [dɪ'spjuːt] 
v./n. 争论，争端，纠纷
We disputed with each other on various issues. 我们为各种问题互相争论。
a pay/legal/trade dispute 薪资/法律/贸易纠纷

4.negotiate [nɪ'gəʊʃɪeɪt] 
v. 谈判，协商，商定
We tried to negotiate with them, but they refused. 我们试图与他们谈判，但被他们拒绝。
negotiation n. 谈判，转让

5.contend [kən'tend] 
v. 竞争，认为，争夺
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title. 三个世界级的网球选手在争夺这项荣誉。

6.contest ['kɒntest] 
n. 比赛，竞争
beauty contest选美活动/speech contest 演讲比赛
v. 争辩，就…提出异议
We will certainly contest any claims made against the safety of our products. 我们会就任何针对我们产品安全的言辞提出争辩。

7.compete [kəm'piːt] 
v. 竞争，对抗，参加比赛
The banks have long competed with American Express's charge cards and various shop cards. 这些银行长期以来一直与美国运通公司的记账卡和各种商店卡竞争。
competitive adj. 竞争的，比赛的，有竞争力的
competition n. 竞争

8.rival ['raɪvl] 
v. 与…相匹敌，比得上 
adj. 竞争的 
n. 竞争对手
He lost out to his rival. 他输给了自己的对手。

9. counter ['kaʊntə] 
v. 反驳，反击，抵消;
Extra police have been moved into the area to counter the risk of violence. 额外的警力被调入这片区域来抗击暴力风险。
n. 柜台，对立面
adj. 相反的，反对的； adv. 相反地，逆向地

10. counterpart ['kaʊntəpɑːt] 
n. 副本，配对物，极相似的人或物
The prime minister is to meet his European counterparts to discuss the war against drugs. 首相会见欧洲各国的总理讨论缉毒事宜。